Hypertension (Tekanan Darah Tinggi)

1. Definition
Hypertension is a condition where obtained blood pressure> 150/90 mm ​​Hg for more than 45 years of age or blood pressure> 130/80 mmHg at age < 45 years

2. Cause
a. Factor that can not be avoided: Heredity, Gender, Age
b. Factor that can be avoided: Obesity, Smoking and alcohol intake, Consumption of excess salt

3. Signs and Symptom: headache, seemed about to faint, blurred vision, fainting, go to fast to feel tired, increased blood pressure, chest pain and shortness of breath, ear buzzing, sleeplessness, droop on nape

4. Impact
Damage to organs such as brain, heart, eye, kidney failure, paralysis, organ motion (stroke)


5. Means of prevention

Regular diet, Exercise regularly, Stopping smoking, Drinking less coffee, Maintain stable weight, Avoiding stress

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Gastritis (Maag)

1. Definition
Gastritis is an inflammation that attacks the lining can be acute gastric mucosa can also be chronic.

2. Cause
• A diet that is incorrect or irregular
• Smoking
• Consumption of alcohol
• Drinking coffee
• Stress psychology
• Most of taking medications that stimulate gastric acid expenses (exp: antalgin, aspirin, dexametason)

3. Signs and Symptoms
• Heartburn
• Usually accompanied by abdominal cramps
• Fatigue, nausea, vomiting
• Pain in the stomach is full even though had not eaten
• Appetite tends to go down so the body tends to lean


4. Impact of gastritis
• Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that cause vomiting and dysentery
• Shock
• Injury to the gastric
• Can cause Ca Gastric (Stomach Cancer)
• Causes of anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12 (found in eggs, fish, meat, milk)

5. Means of prevention
• Set a good diet and regular
• Eating foods that are clean, healthy and nutritious
• Avoid excessive stress (exp: exercise and close to God)
• Avoid foods that stimulate gastric apes (exp: eating spicy, sour and coffee)
• Adjust the diet according to nutritional needs.

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Diabetes mellitus (kencing manis)

1. Definition
    A complex metabolic disorder because the body fails to respond to increased blood sugar levels.
    There are two types of diabetes mellitus, namely:
    a) Diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent
    b) Diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent tisak

2. Cause
     Abnormalities in cell betha, heredity, immune system disorders, viral infections, diet, stress, age, hormone insulin deficiency, pregnancy.

3. signs symptoms
    a) The typical symptoms are:
        * Many of the meals (polipagi)
        * Drink plenty of (polidipsi)
        * Many of urine (polyuria)
    b) A limp
    c) Tingling or itching, nausea, vomiting. easily tired
    d) Random glucose levels> 200 mg / L
    e) Fasting glucose levels> 126 mg / L

4. Complication
    a) Hypertension
    b) Glaucoma
    c) If there are injuries resulting in gangrene
    d) Urinary tract infections

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Fracture (Patah Tulang)

1. Understanding Fractures
Is the breakdown of bone tissue regularity that generally arise suddenly.

2. Causes of Fractures
a. Direct trauma
For example: collision on the forearm which causes fractures.
b. Indirect trauma
For example: fall rests on the hands that causes bones to break.


3. Signs and symptoms of Fractures
a. Continuous pain and gain weight
b. A change in shape from the original
c. Bone shortening occurred from the truth.
d. When checked palpable presence of rattlesnakes is called crepitus palpable bone due to friction between bones framen one another.
e. Local swelling and discoloration of the skin.

4. Fracture Healing
a. Fixation method
b. Such as: dressings, plaster cast, splint.
c. Operation: mounting pin.

5. Factors affecting healing and bone grafting
a. Age
b. Circulation and the presence of oxygen in tissues
c. Condition of the wound and bone pata
d. Health status and comorbidities
e. Personal hygiene or cleanliness of the wound
f. Nutritional foods that contain calcium
g. Activity

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Katarak

1. Definition
Cataract is a disease of the eye because the eye lens becomes cloudy and light can not menembusinya thus blocking the incoming light. Sight cataract patients to be impaired and might even be getting worse and blindness if not treated properly.

2. Factor Cause
Cataract occurs largely because the factor of old age (senile), but cataracts can also be caused by several other risk factors, such as:
1. Congenital cataracts are influenced by genetic factors
2. Traumatic cataract: caused by a history of trauma / injury to the eye.
3. Secondary cataract: caused by other diseases, such as disease / metabolic disorders, inflammatory processes in the eye, or diabetes (diabetes mellitus).
4. Cataracts are caused by exposure to radiation.
5. Cataracts are caused by the use of long-term medications such as corticosteroids and cholesterol-lowering drugs.

3. Signs and symptoms
Symptoms such as webbed eye lens, cloudy, or cloudy so the light can not enter and blurred vision.

4. Management
a) Pre Operation
Drug - a drug cataract eye drops, vitamins or anti-oxidants only hinder the process of increasing maturation of the cataract, but can not reduce or eliminate cataracts. Cataract surgery done if the vision has been disturbing the patient.
b) Post Operation
• Patients are asked not move much and avoid heavy lifting for one month
• Eyes closed for a few days and or protected with goggles or protective in the daytime

• Glasses permanent given for 6-8 weeks after surgery

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SKIN CARE (PERAWATAN KULIT)

IIn general, women should keep the skin from a variety of disorders. Actions need to be addressed as follows:
1. Wash hands thoroughly before touching your face
2. Perform facial skin cleansing in the morning and evening: There needs to be at night - even if you did not makeup, because the face easily tainted by pollution. It should also be done in the morning, because your skin grease and dirt at night
3. At night, take the time to massage the skin to stimulate the exchange of circulation cells in the skin. Massage gently for two minutes to eliminate fatigue, relaxing face and give the skin brightness.
4. Multiply drinking water.

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CORDIS DECOMPENSASI (HEART FAILURE)

1.Definition

A state of pathological abnormalities of heart function so that the heart can not pump blood to meet the metabolic needs of tissues and or ability only if accompanied by an abnormal elevation of diastolic volumes.

2. Causes

• Modern lifestyle
• Obesity
• The habit of consuming alcohol
•  A diet containing lots of sodium (salty)
• Having a history of hypertension
• Smoking
• Like fatty foods
•  The habit of excessive coffee consumption
• High cholesterol levels
• Activity does not exercise regularly

3. Symptoms of Heart Failure

a) Shortness

b) Cough

c) Enlargement of the heart

d) Rhonkhi

e) Edema

f) Anorexia

g) Bloating

h) Ascites

4. Things to watch out for people

a) Immediately went to the hospital, clinic, doctor

b) For the examination of heart condition

c) Photos of thoracic

d) Examination of the ECG

e) Avoid fatty foods

f) Avoid smoking

g) Avoid drinking coffee

h) Avoid drinking alcohol

i) Reduce salty foods

j) Control of blood pressure

k) Diet low in calories when body fat

l) activity according to tolerance

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10 Tips to Healthy Diet

 1. Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables every day.
2. Eat 2 to 4 servings of protein foods each day
3. Eat at least 2 servings of fish rich in omega 3
4. Eat less fat
5. Reduce excessive sugar consumption
6. Choose fiber-rich carbohydrate material
7. Drink plenty of water (1.75 liters per day)
8. Consumption of milk, eggs and low fat yogurt
9. Reduce use of salt
10. Reduce consumption of fast food 

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TBC is?

Tuberculosis is a disease belonging to the infections caused by bacteria Mikobakterium tuberculosis.

• Causes of Disease (TB)

TB disease is caused by bacteria Mikobakterium tuberculosis, rod-shaped bacteria are resistant to acid and thus is also known as Acid Resistant Trunk (BTA).

• Mode of transmission of TB Disease

Transmission of TB is airborne tuberculosis Mikobakterium contaminated by the released / issued by the TB patient when coughing, these bacteria get into the lungs and come together to develop into many (especially in people who have low body resistance), even these bacteria also may have spread through the blood vessels or lymph nodes, causing infecting other organs such as brain, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, bone, lymph nodes and other although most lung is an organ.

• Symptoms of TB Disease

Symptoms of TB disease is classified into two parts, the general symptoms and specific symptoms.

1. Common symptoms (Systemic)

- Not very high fever that lasts longer, is usually felt at night with night sweats. Sometimes an attack of influenza-like fever and intermittent nature.

- Decreased appetite and weight.

- Coughing for more than 3 weeks (can be accompanied by blood).

- Feelings of not feeling (malaise), weakness.

2. Specific symptoms (Typical)

- Depending on which organs are affected, in case of partial bronchial obstruction (channel leading to the lungs) due to suppression of enlarged lymph nodes, will cause the sound "wheezing" sound accompanied by shortness of breath weakened.

- If there is pleural fluid dirongga (wrapping the lungs), may be accompanied by complaints of chest pain.

- When the bone, there will be symptoms such as infection of the bone at a time can form a channel and boils on the skin above it, in this estuary will discharge pus.

- In children can be about brains (layers of wrapping the brain) and is referred to as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), the symptoms are high fever, a decrease of consciousness and convulsions.

• Enforcement of the TB diagnosis

If a person suspected of suffering from or infected with tuberculosis, then there are some things that need to be done for the examination giving out a proper diagnosis, among others:

- Anamnesa both to patients and their families.

- Direct physical examination.

- Laboratory tests (blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid).

- Examination of anatomic pathology (PA).

- X-ray chest (thorax photo).

- And the tuberculin test.

• Treatment of TB Disease

Treatment for patients with TB disease will undergo a long process, which ranges from 6 months to 9 months or even more. TB disease can be cured if the patient regularly taking medication the doctor and improve her endurance with good nutrition.

During the treatment process, to find a better development then advised the patient to undergo either blood, sputum, urine, and X-ray or x-rays every 3 month. The drug is generally given is obtan Isoniazid and rifampin as a basic treatment for patients with tuberculosis, but because of the possibility of resistance to both drugs the doctor may decide to give additional drugs such as pyrazinamide and streptomycin sulfate or ethambutol HCL as a single entity known as' Triple Drug '.

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Cidera Kepala

1. Pengertian

• Suatu Bentuk trauma yang mengenai kepala.

2. Penyebab

• Kecelakaan lalu lintas
• Perkelahian
• Jatuh
• Cidera karena olah raga
• Terkena Pisau
• terpukul atau terbentur
• Luka memar
• Perdarahan mata, Lubang telinga dan hidung
• Nyeri
• Pusing
• Muntah
• Amnesia
• Kesadaran menurun
• Kejang

3. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan

• Segera periksa pada petugas kesehatan
• Pemeriksaan tingkat kesadaran
• Pemeriksaan Radiologi (Foto Kepala, CT Scan, Angiorafi)
• Pemeriksaan Laboratorium (BGA, Elektrolit, Fungsi lumbal, EEG)

4. Penatalaksaan

• Pada cidera kepala ringan setelah dilakukan pemeriksaan diharapkan istirahat total kurang dari 2 x 24 jam.

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