Fracture (Patah Tulang)

1. Understanding Fractures
Is the breakdown of bone tissue regularity that generally arise suddenly.

2. Causes of Fractures
a. Direct trauma
For example: collision on the forearm which causes fractures.
b. Indirect trauma
For example: fall rests on the hands that causes bones to break.


3. Signs and symptoms of Fractures
a. Continuous pain and gain weight
b. A change in shape from the original
c. Bone shortening occurred from the truth.
d. When checked palpable presence of rattlesnakes is called crepitus palpable bone due to friction between bones framen one another.
e. Local swelling and discoloration of the skin.

4. Fracture Healing
a. Fixation method
b. Such as: dressings, plaster cast, splint.
c. Operation: mounting pin.

5. Factors affecting healing and bone grafting
a. Age
b. Circulation and the presence of oxygen in tissues
c. Condition of the wound and bone pata
d. Health status and comorbidities
e. Personal hygiene or cleanliness of the wound
f. Nutritional foods that contain calcium
g. Activity

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Katarak

1. Definition
Cataract is a disease of the eye because the eye lens becomes cloudy and light can not menembusinya thus blocking the incoming light. Sight cataract patients to be impaired and might even be getting worse and blindness if not treated properly.

2. Factor Cause
Cataract occurs largely because the factor of old age (senile), but cataracts can also be caused by several other risk factors, such as:
1. Congenital cataracts are influenced by genetic factors
2. Traumatic cataract: caused by a history of trauma / injury to the eye.
3. Secondary cataract: caused by other diseases, such as disease / metabolic disorders, inflammatory processes in the eye, or diabetes (diabetes mellitus).
4. Cataracts are caused by exposure to radiation.
5. Cataracts are caused by the use of long-term medications such as corticosteroids and cholesterol-lowering drugs.

3. Signs and symptoms
Symptoms such as webbed eye lens, cloudy, or cloudy so the light can not enter and blurred vision.

4. Management
a) Pre Operation
Drug - a drug cataract eye drops, vitamins or anti-oxidants only hinder the process of increasing maturation of the cataract, but can not reduce or eliminate cataracts. Cataract surgery done if the vision has been disturbing the patient.
b) Post Operation
• Patients are asked not move much and avoid heavy lifting for one month
• Eyes closed for a few days and or protected with goggles or protective in the daytime

• Glasses permanent given for 6-8 weeks after surgery

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